Despite the increasing prevalence of cyber warfare and the need to apply the laws of armed conflict (jus in bello), existing regulations were designed for traditional physical warfare, making their application to modern cyber operations a significant challenge. A primary hurdle to prosecuting war crimes in this domain is establishing the requisite contextual element: the existence of an armed conflict. Specifically, cyber attacks by non-state armed groups can constitute war crimes only if they occur within the context of a non-international armed conflict. Consequently, this research investigates the feasibility of a non-international armed conflict arising from cyber warfare as a condition for realizing cyber war crimes. Using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, the study concludes that the nature of cyber groups, characterized by the physical dispersal of members, potential lack of consensus, and absence of traditional internal discipline, does not fully align with established legal criteria for an organized armed group. Therefore, only through a contemporary and dynamic interpretation of existing regulations and jurisprudence can the threshold for a non-international cyber armed conflict be met, thereby enabling the contextual element for war crimes to be satisfied.

In the information age, because the battlefields are shifted, the international community is threatened by cyber war fares. Today, cyber-attacks are considered as a separate category in different methods of warfare and at the same time, they can represent a novel type of use of force since they may lead to impacts such as massive damages to the critical infrastructure of a government, property damages, and loss of human lives. Therefore, when using this novel method of confliction, whether a war operation in a conflict solely consists of cyber-attacks or cyber warfare is a part of a military conflict with several tactics, principles of international humanitarian law must be applied and the governments must abide by the obligation according to which, the new means and methods they use in cyber warfare are in accordance with the existing principles of international humanitarian law. This article aims to prove that until specific principles of international humanitarian law in cyber war fares are not developed, by means of resorting to the existing principles and rules, cyber conflicts can still be defined within the framework of the principles of international humanitarian law.

Looking at war from any angle, we will find it a terrible and violent phenomenon. At the same time, throughout the history, wars and armed conflicts have happened thousands of times and will happen in the future, and humanity cannot escape from it. But, they can be ruled by law and morality, so that wars, which in fact represent conflict of interests, do not turn into savagery and crime. As we witness in the third millennium, the nature and form of warfare is nowadays changing, and this falls under the rules of the international armed conflicts as such that is stipulated under The Tallinn Manual 1 & 2 by the NATO. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and the results of the research confirm that it is possible to apply humanitarian standards of international humanitarian law in cyber warfare because war is a phenomenon that affects all sections of a country and causes serious harms. It also affects the right to life and other aspects of human rights, because the first stage of cyber warfare is military and security classified information, and the next stage is the destruction, transfer, change and distortion of information and data related to the people and civilians of the enemy, and, noting that the civilians are not considered as combatants, they must not be the target of cyber-attacks and that the international humanitarian law, which is a common human value, must be applied in such cases.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: The traditional military technologies and methods at sea have undergone many changes since the approval of naval warfare documents and have developed in such a way that they will transform future naval wars, and these developments necessitate the transformation of rights. It leads to a naval war. Cyber war has been accepted as one of the methods of war along with other land, sea, air, and space methods, but the difference between this method and other methods is that each of the mentioned territories can be used as a base to carry out a cyber-attack. The emergence of cyber capabilities in the sea means that naval forces are always more connected which leads to greater vulnerability at sea. The purpose of this brief is specifically to examine the cyber-attack at sea from the perspective of the law of maritime armed conflicts. Therefore, the ability to apply international humanitarian law and the rules governing the law of maritime warfare in the case of a cyber-attack at sea will be interpreted and investigated.Methodology: The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical, and the process of collecting library information is reference, by referring to sources through books, documents, periodicals, and the Internet, we obtain research data. Findings and conclusion: The findings of the research indicate many ambiguities in applying the law of maritime conflict to maritime cyber warfare, but humanitarian law can be used with all modern tools, which has been supported by the International Committee of the Red Cross in recent decades.

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons of paying attention, by the NATO leaders, to cyber space and codification of principals and elements of their strategy against cyber warfare. Therefore, the paper raises the following hypothesis: the complicated and different nature of cyber space, serious vulnerabilities of NATO member states and concerns due to cyber threats by other countries are the paramount reasons of codification as well as evolution of the NATO relevant strategy. Therefore, after a long process NATO considers cyber warfare as a real war and according to article 5 of its statute it assumes itself entitled to resort to collective and overall defense at both military and cyber aspects. Thus NATO is the first military organization that includes military and cyber defense as a main function for itself.

Technology development, internet and computer communications and commerce with traversing around has opened a new era of human activities and this undermine the legitimacy of laws is based on geographical boundaries. The new frontier of cyberspace and the real world phenomena have created a great threat in terms of the lack of full implementation of the law is necessary. Using states of the insecure cyber-ground for many of other states to vandalism, sabotage, assassinations, espionage and other crimes have been paved. Action legislation in some countries, depending on the progress in the technology world, the international community also let to think that this mess in cyberspace, though little action in order to soften the space to do this. Published books in recent years have had a dramatic impact on the world’s attention to this issue. The article seeks to answer the key question of what cyber warfare and cyber whether the country can generate destructive acts of aggression and crimes under international government is force, and consequently international responsibility. Find the answers to these questions should be sought in international documents such as the UN Charter, the convention on the law of war and humanitarian law, as well as international on cyber warfare Tallinn regarding cyber war.Although latter guidelines, in terms of criminalization and offer some solution to some extent is a copy of the Convention of humanitarian right, but it is to a large extent comprehensive, but its guided nature is a major obstacle to its entry into force. However, examining it as a matter of international law appliance, the only international source of cyber warfare, does not seem unpleasant.

The Internet and social media have altered the nature of communication between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the US, introducing new modes of action and reaction in their conflict. This study aims to find an answer to this question: What new strategies do Iran and the United States use to confront one another in cyberspace? To answer this question, we used a descriptive-analytical method to test the hypothesis and collected our data through a desk research and note-taking method, and then analyzed statements from the theory of authoritarian power. The findings revealed that the US and Iran disagreement about regional issues, the unresolved political conflicts between the two countries, the escalation of international sanctions against Iran, and, most significantly, the US withdrawal from BARJAM (Iran nuclear deal) and assassination of the commander of IRGC-Quds has increased the prominence of cyberspace as a stage for hostility between the two states. As a result, the US and Iran have used the potential of cyberspace as a tool to exert power and have tried to impose their demands, based on their level of competence and expertise in the field of cyber technologies, and through the use of a variety of tactics. Their goal in taking such actions is clearly to force each other to accept their will or change their behavior and ideologies.

The spread of fake news on social networks has become a serious challenge in the fields of information and cybersecurity, particularly in the realm of passive defense. Early detection of such news can play a crucial role in improving cybersecurity and controlling the dissemination of misinformation. This paper presents a novel approach that uses the correlation between headlines and news content to identify fake news. Using deep neural networks, the headline and body of news articles are analyzed as two independent components, and their correlation is measured. We fine-tuned two BERT language models on the headline and body text as the two constituent parts of the news to determine whether there is a correlation between the news headline and body text. The results showed that this approach to fake news can enhance model accuracy compared to similar models.

Human progress in various political and social fields creates new opportunities and challenges. One of such challenges is cyber-attacks which are considered as a threat to human life due to the increasing development of technology and the development of virtual space in different parts of the world. The purpose of the present article is to examine the ways to reduce cyber-attacks from the perspective of the International Humanitarian Law. This article is conducted employing descriptive-analytical method. The results of the investigations led the authors to reach the conclusion that the rules and regulations of International Humanitarian law do not cover the entire framework of cyber war and cyber-attack but, due to the existential philosophy of humanitarian law, it covers civilian protection as well as other principles such as the Principles of Proportionality and Distinction and, therefore, these principles and regulations still remain applicable and, wherever there are no regulations, it is necessary to refer to the Customary International Humanitarian Law, and in particular situations, the International Humanitarian Law itself must be implemented and applied. On the other hand, due to the lack of consensus of the international community and ambiguity in implementation of some of these principles and rules, with the gradual development in the field of current contractual and customary rules, even the existing ambiguities can also be resolved.

Information warfare is war in information space with the aim of manipulating the systems, processes, information sources, and infrastructure of the target state. The aim of this war, unlike in the past, which was mainly a military victory in the classical war, is to influence the political, economic, cultural and social systems, to create widespread psychological campaigns to undermine the stability of society and to put pressure on a government to decide and act in the interests of information warfare. In this regard, the main question of the article is that under the influence of the ICT revolution and the cyber revolution, what changes has taken place in the information war? In answering to the above-mentioned question, it is hypothesized that under the influence of the ICT revolution and the cyber revolution, information warfare has expanded from the operational and tactical level to the strategic level and has included political, economic, cultural and social dimensions. The research method of this article is descriptive and analytical. The ultimate goal of the article is to discuss the evolution of the concept and application of information warfare under the influence of the information and communication revolution and the cyber revolution. Research findings show that knowledge, especially cyber knowledge, is the key to success in the field of information warfare.